10 Oldest Cities in Russia

Russia is a vast country with a long and fascinating history. It is home to some of the oldest cities in the world, each with its unique story to tell. From the legendary city of Azov, founded in the 1200s, to the city of Derbent, founded in 438 CE, these ten cities showcase this country’s rich heritage. Each has its unique architecture, culture, and traditions that make it special.

From the grandeur of the Kremlin in Moscow to the colorful churches of Kostroma, these ten oldest cities in Russia are some of the most fascinating places to explore.

So, read on, and let’s explore these ancient cities’ history, culture, and beauty and discover what makes them so unique. 

10. Azov

photo source: TripAdvisor

Azov is a city located in the southwestern part of Russia, in the Rostov Oblast region. It is a port city on the Sea of Azov, with a population of around 81,335. Azov has a long and rich history, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the 9th century BC.

During the medieval period, the city was part of the Golden Horde. It later became part of the Ottoman Empire before being captured by the Russian Empire in the late 18th century. In modern times, Azov has developed into an industrial center with a large shipbuilding industry, as well as the production of iron and steel, chemical, and food products.

Did You Know?

The city is also a popular tourist destination, known for its beautiful beaches, historical monuments, and nearby nature reserves.

9. Kostroma

photo source: Russia Beyond

Kostroma is located in the central part of Russia, in the Kostroma Oblast region. It has a population of around 279,433 people and is situated on the banks of the Volga River. Kostroma has a rich history and is considered one of the oldest cities in Russia, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the 9th century.

The city was an important center of commerce during the medieval period and played a significant role in Russian culture and architecture development.

Kostroma is well-known for its well-preserved historic center, with many beautiful examples of wooden architecture, including the famous Ipatievsky Monastery, considered one of Russia’s most important architectural landmarks. Today, Kostroma is a thriving industrial and cultural center, attracting tourists and investment.

Did You Know?

The city is also famous for its natural beauty, with many parks and forests and several popular ski resorts in the surrounding area.

8. Moscow

photo source: Lonely Planet

Moscow is Russia’s capital and largest city, known for its art, culture, and history. The city is home to more than 12.5 million people and has various architectural styles, from classical to modern. Moscow is located on the Moskva River and is surrounded by hills and forests. Moscow has a vibrant nightlife with various bars, restaurants, clubs, and entertainment venues.

It is also an excellent destination for shopping, with its many malls and markets. In addition, there are numerous museums, galleries, and beautiful parks and gardens. Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, the Moscow Planetarium, and the iconic Ostankino Tower.

Did You Know?

The city has many iconic landmarks, such as Red Square, the Kremlin, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, and the Bolshoi Theatre.

7. Yelets

photo source: Rusmania

Yelets is a small city located in the Lipetsk Oblast of Russia. It is an ancient city, first mentioned in 1146. It is a vibrant city with many attractions and activities to offer. Yelets is located on the banks of the river Voronezh and is home to many historical and cultural sites.

The most notable among these is the Yelets State Historical and Architectural Museum, which displays many artifacts from the city’s past.

Visitors can also explore the old town and its many churches and the remains of fortifications built to protect the city in the early days. In addition, Yelets is home to many festivals throughout the year, including the renowned Yelets Kite Festival, where kites of all shapes and sizes take to the skies.

Did You Know?

The city also boasts many parks and nature reserves, such as the Lipetsk Nature Reserve and the Radishchevsky Reserve.

6. Kolomna

photo source: Advantour

Kolomna is a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a population of almost 140,000, it is one of the largest cities in the area. The city was founded in 1177 and is known for its rich history and many centuries-old monuments.

The city of Kolomna is renowned for its architecture, with many buildings and churches dating back to the 12th century. One of its most iconic buildings is the 16th-century Kolomensky Cathedral, a stunning wooden structure with five domes.

Other highlights include the Church of the Birth of the Virgin, the ancient Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin, and the Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. Kolomna is also known for its many festivals, such as the Kolomensky Festival of Arts and the Kolomensky Fair. These festivals attract people from all over the region and offer a unique opportunity to experience the culture and history of the city.

Did You Know?

Kolomensky Park is also a popular attraction in the city. This park is home to many trails and outdoor activities, such as archery, paintball, and fishing.

5. Yaroslavl

photo source: Visit Russia

Yaroslavl is a historic city located in central Russia, about 250 km northeast of Moscow. Founded in the 11th century, Yaroslavl is one of the oldest cities in Russia and is famous for its well-preserved Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is also known for its beautiful onion-domed churches and elegant 17th-century mansions, many of which have been restored to their former glory.

In addition to its rich cultural heritage, Yaroslavl is a bustling modern city with a growing economy and a population of over 600,000 people. The city is an important industrial center with a strong focus on engineering, petrochemical production, and food processing.

Did You Know?

The beautiful Volga River runs through Yaroslavl, making it a popular destination for tourists and residents.

4. Vladimir

photo source: Encyclopedia Britannica

Vladimir is a city located in the central region of Russia, approximately 200 km east of Moscow. It was founded in the late 10th century and had a rich history as a former capital of the Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal.

Vladimir is known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, including the stunning Golden Gate, which dates back to the 1180s and is considered one of the best examples of Russian medieval military architecture.

The city is also home to several beautiful cathedrals, including the Assumption Cathedral and the St. Demetrius Cathedral, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In addition to its historical attractions, Vladimir is also a modern city with a growing economy and a population of approximately 360,000 people.

Did You Know?

The city is an important industrial center with a focus on engineering, food processing, and the production of consumer goods.

3. Smolensk

photo source: RussiaTrek

The city of Smolensk was founded in the early 9th century. It has a rich history, serving as an important military and cultural center for centuries. Smolensk is known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, including the stunning Smolensk Kremlin, which dates back to the 16th century and is one of Russia’s best-preserved examples of medieval fortifications.

The city is also home to several beautiful cathedrals and churches, including the Assumption Cathedral, one of Russia’s largest and most beautiful churches. In addition to its historical attractions, Smolensk is also a modern city with a growing economy and over 325,000 people. The city is an important industrial center with a focus on engineering, food processing, and the production of consumer goods.

Did You Know?

It was the site of several important battles throughout the centuries, including the Battle of Smolensk during the Napoleonic Wars and the Battle of Smolensk in 1941 during World War II.

2. Novgorod

photo source: TripSavvy

Novgorod is a city located in the northwest region of Russia, near the shores of Lake Ilmen. With a rich history dating back to the 9th century, Novgorod was one of Russia’s oldest and most significant cities.

The city boasts well-preserved medieval architecture, including the historic Novgorod Kremlin, built in the 11th century, which is one of the oldest and best-preserved examples of medieval fortifications.

Novgorod has a growing economy and a population of over 1,251,000 people and is a modern city with important industries in engineering, food processing, and consumer goods production. With its rich history, beautiful architecture, and modern amenities, Novgorod is a captivating and dynamic city that appeals to all.

Did You Know?

Novgorod also has several beautiful cathedrals and churches, such as the St. Sophia Cathedral, which is renowned for its age and beauty.

1. Derbent

photo source: Wikipedia

Derbent is a city in the Dagestan region and is considered the oldest continuously inhabited city in Russia. Derbent is situated on the coast of the Caspian Sea and has been an important center of trade and cultural exchange for thousands of years.

It is known for its historical and cultural significance and stunning architecture, including the ancient Derbent Citadel, which dates back to the 6th century and is one of the oldest fortifications in the world.

The city was also one of the critical points along the legendary Silk Road and has played a vital role in the cultural exchange between the East and West. Today, Derbent is a modern city with a growing economy and a population of approximately 127,893 people.

Did You Know?

The city is home to several important religious sites, including the Juma Mosque, one of the world’s oldest mosques.